Hitler Personal and circumstantial factors of his rise - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 824 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Adolf Hitler, born in Austria, denounced his Austrian citizenship and later became a German politician. He started his political journey in 1919 after he joined the German Workers’ party. The party then came to be commonly known as National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP) or Nazi Party which was started after world war one period. The following are some of the personal and circumstantial factors of Hitler’s rise to power and his ability to implement his policies. Some of Hitler’s policies were to do away with the Versaille treaty that was imposed on Germany after the defeat in the World War I. He wanted to expand the German territory eastwards and to re-unite the Germans as they had been misplaced after the World War I so as to create a stronger nation. (Tonge 2013). His exceptional and oratory skills earned him a position as an education officer with the German Workers’ Party giving him more opportunities to speak to the public sharing and his antiMarxist ideas. He later became the leading propagandist as a result of his eloquence and oratory skills which made him a great influential consultant of his party and a chairman of the party later. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hitler: Personal and circumstantial factors of his rise" essay for you Create order The 1929 depression and the death of Stresemann created a feeling of mistrust among the citizens, and they started getting tired of the current democratic government. Germany largely borrowed from the Americans and bankruptcy was encroaching. The Germans consequently preferred the Nazi party and the Communist party. This was an advantage to Hitler and his people as his party gained more popularity among the people as they needed strong leadership to redeem them. Hitler was given the chance of being a chancellor after he refused to take up the vice chancellor position offered by Papen. Papen thought that he could manipulate Hitler by placing him under his chancellor’s authority. He was mistaken. Later, after Papen stopped being the office holder, Hitler took over as chancellor while Papen became the Chairman. This position later assisted Hitler in his dictatorial rule in the single-party Germany, without opposition. Germans did not support the Versailles’ treaty. They chose to support Hitler as he promised them to overthrow it. This stance gained him more popularity from the people. He insisted on nationalism, pan-Germanism, and Anti-Semitism. He chose party members who did not mind using violence to further the party’s agenda. They would, later on, assist him in his dictatorial rule to accomplish his aims. Hitler was able to use the law that made acts of political violence capital offenses. The law demanded for severe punishment of those who had committed such acts which included a lifetime behind bars accompanied by hard labor which did not last for less than twenty years or even facing death. Hitler later used this Act while in power on his opponents ruthlessly. This managed his ability to implement his policies dictatively and stay in power for as long as he wanted to (Stachura 2015). He was later granted the plenary powers that enabled him to act without the consent of the parliament restricting him or imposing any limitations (Gendler Hazard 2016). This is after he had vowed not to threaten the presidents power, the churches or the state. This later made it easy for Hitler and his government to rule by the decree but could not get further powers, at least not until later after when the president died. This power enabled him to abolish the state powers and non-Nazi parties giving him one voice and ability to implement his policies even if they did not favor the people. Propaganda led by Goebbels gained popularity and support for the Nazi party. They targeted specific members of the society using their captivating slogans which attracted many. His party members led the Germans into believing that their hope lay with Hitler and that the Jews were to blame for bad governance. This created a euphoria, and thereafter, overwhelming support for Hitler, and a further ri se in political power. (Stachura 2015). Hitler received financial support to run his election campaign from the industrialists. This helped him in spreading awareness about his strategies and spearheading his propaganda in the primaries and general election thus cementing his powers and multiplying his supporters. Moderate political parties were also not united. It was easier for Hitler to defeat these parties by taking advantage of their own weakness, disunity. If the parties had decided to work together, they would possibly have had more support from Germans than the Nazi party. Hitler, working with his Nazi party, was able to rule German since he had strong policies which favored the Germans thereby gaining him more supporters. The timing of his rise to power was to his advantage, after the World War I, as many people had lost their trust with the government. He was able to cunningly implement policies and use them in combination with his violence to rule dictatively and stay in power for long.

Analysis Of Tarzan Of The Apes - 1717 Words

Tarzan of the Apes began it all for Edgar Rice Burroughs, propelling him into the world of literature with no understanding how he happened to succeed in becoming ranked among the finest adventure story authors. His stories set the stage of adventure story-telling through his narrative efficiency in their construction, capturing and keeping the audience’s imagination (Gioia, 2014; Bartlett, 2017). Although from humble beginnings published as a pulp fiction adventure, there is much debate over categorising Tarzan of the Apes into a specific genre, as some argue elements of romance and science fiction. This essay aims to assess the text to determine how it engages in its primary genre of adventure fiction, and how it may fit in and engage†¦show more content†¦Adventure novels are highly controlled and contained narrative form, while also containing writing of excess and exaggeration. This is evident in Burroughs’ language and writing style. Tarzan is written to b e straightforwardly linear and literal with no room for interpretations. It’s wordy and repetitious, which could be due to the fact that pulp fiction writers were paid by the length of their stories, but the short sentence lengths used to describe action is a key element of identifying a text for the adventure genre (Bartlett, 2017; Easthope, 1991; Cawelti, 1976)). This literal telling of action can be shown through the telling of Tarzan’s battle with Bolgani, the huge gorilla: â€Å"But the boy had learned in that brief second a use for his sharp and shining toy, so that, as the tearing, striking beast dragged him to earth he plunged the blade repeatedly and to the hilt into its breast. The gorilla, fighting after the manner of its kind, struck terrific blows with its open hand, and tore the flesh at the boy’s throat and chest with its mighty tusks.† – Burroughs, p. 42 Adventure stories focus on plot development over character development, steering away from existential writings to concentrate on pure action. Gelder (2004) explains â€Å"Characters are developed only in so far as the service the story and ‘realize the sense of danger’†. The explicit action in Tarzan of the Apes describing the constant struggle of surviving theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Movie Tarzan The Ape Man 863 Words   |  4 PagesTarzan Growing up as a child in America I was always easily amused by cartoons that played on the television during the early 2000’s and late 1999’s. By far one of my most watched movies was Tarzan, which sometimes played during the weekends on the Disney channel, it’s very much entertaining to watch this old version of Tarzan directed by W.S. Van Dyke. In the film Tarzan â€Å"the Ape Man†, Jane Parker derives to Africa to visit her father, who was in a pursuit for ivory, Tarzan captures Jane andRead MoreDisney, Racism, And The Renaissance Era2978 Words   |  12 Pagesas this is when the animators returned to making popular films based on well-known stories, thus restoring public and critical interest in Disney. The films, including The Little Mermaid (1989), Aladdin (1992), Pocahontas (1995), Mulan (1998), and Tarzan (1999) reflect â€Å"†¦a phase of aesthetic and industrial growth to the Studio. Visually, this period saw the Studio return to the arti stic ideologies of the Disney-Formalist period, and it is this resplendence that is commonly foregrounded in popularRead MoreThe Media s Choice Of A Desert2122 Words   |  9 PagesAfrica, a lion rules over the animals as king. Depicting hundreds of animals in an Africa landscape without any actual Africans. Also, the 1999 American animated adventure musical film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation, Tarzan, describes a boy who was raised by apes in the thick jungles of Africa, after his parents were killed by Sabor, a rogue leopardess, after they escaped a burning ship with him as an infant and ended up in Africa. Critics influenced by Baudrillard have attacked DisneyRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 Pagestheaters which needed up to 300 pics per annum. The little three filled this gap. Columbia and Universal mainly made B-pics for the low end of the market. UA was purely a distrib. for a small group of elite independent producer. Analysis of the Hollywood Studio System During the 1920s, and 1930s the Hollywood film studios undertook a major evolutionary period. The inception of the Hollywood ‘studio system’ was to change the film making process radically. The following

What Was the Main Cause of the Financial Crisis in 2007-2009 Free Essays

The intention of this essay is to provide an in depth and critical analysis of the financial crisis that took place between 2007-2009, in particular focusing on some key issues raised by the Foote, Gerardi and Willen paper ‘Why did so many people make so many Ex Post bad decisions? ’ Whilst there were many contributing factors, it is clear that a specific few played a particularly dominant role, primarily the ‘Bubble Theory’, irresponsible regulation, toxic CDO’s and $62 trillion of CDS’s. ‘That’s what bubbles are: they’re examples of mass delusions’ (Norcera, 2011). Bubble theory’s are by no means a new school of thought, in fact they date back to the Dutch Tulip bubble in the 1630’s and it is these types of bubble that are believed, by many economists, to be the primary cause of the foreclosure crisis. We will write a custom essay sample on What Was the Main Cause of the Financial Crisis in 2007-2009? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The bubble theory explains the crisis as a natural progression of overly optimistic price expectations for a particular asset class, recently the US housing market. When the housing bubble began to enlarge, lenders were lulled into a false sense of security, which lead to large amounts of credit being extended to ‘sub prime’ borrowers, people who had shady or uncertified credit history. However due to the inflating house prices the banks seemed to have little concern towards the credit being repaid. Although this credit was issued to subprime borrowers through the securitised credit market, securitisation was not necessarily the definitive cause of the crisis, but what it did was act as a catalyst allowing borrowers and investors to undertake their desired transactions. With this appetite for risk from lenders and interest rates being cut to 1% by the Fed, institutional investors were eager to chase higher returns. The opportunity encouraged investment banks to anti up their leverage and create a higher yielding product which was directly linked to an ‘ever rising housing market’. The emergence of Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV’s) allowed banks to over leverage and buy mortgages which were then bundled together into a special purpose vehicle, proportions of these were then subsequently sold off as a Collateralised Debt obligations (CDO’s), ‘an investment-grade security backed by a pool of bonds, loans and other assets’. The theory behind this SPV was to reduce the lenders liability by pooling hundreds of supposedly ndependent mortgages, meaning that in the event of any mortgage defaults the loss would be contained rather than having a simultaneous effect on the other mortgages pooled within the CDO. Given that house prices were expected to continue along the bubble’s growth path, any losses from mortgage defaults would be naturally offset by house p rice inflation, or so they thought. Once the Investment banks had packaged these mortgages they then sought to diversify their liability by selling off the mutual funds to external investors, some more bullish than others and hence the segregation of tranches within the CDO packages. The riskiness of each tranche was determined by the rating agencies, Standard and Poor/Fitch, which ranged from AAA (the lowest risk, but highest price) to CCC (the highest risk, but lowest price). In the event of any mortgage defaults, the highest rated tranche, the senior tranche, was paid out first and any subsequent losses were absorbed by the junior tranches, ie junior tranches were only paid once the other tranches had been paid. Given that the Fed had cut interest rates to 1%, the opportunity proposed by these CDO’s became increasingly more attractive. The excessive demand chasing CDO’s forced banks to lower their credit requirement standard, which inevitably lead to subprime lending. This access to the credit markets for those who ordinarily would have been declined credit meant that CDO’s were becoming filled with comparatively high risk mortgages. This became increasingly problematic when borrowers began to default on their mortgage payments, the domino effect lead to the collapse of house prices and over 2million foreclosures. This left worldwide investors and banks with failing CDO’s who in turn also defaulted on their payments and lead to a global ‘credit crunch’. Even the largest of investment banks such as Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley were so confident in their products that they too maintained large holdings of ‘super senior’ tranches on their balance sheets, thus wiping billions of dollars of their balance sheets too. However whilst it is true that the bankers over zealous nature and thirst to maximise profits lead to the breaching of standards and forfeit of reliable credit checks, they were still allowed to do it. This leads to the plausible involvement of the credit rating agencies and the Governments lack of regulation and in some cases irresponsible regulation. A major concern surrounds the actions of US credit rating agencies, namely Standard Poor and Fitch. Whilst they may not have anticipated the financial crisis, they, to a large extend suffered from institutional failure. The mathematical models that had been developed and used by the credit rating agencies were inadequate to deal with and provide accurate data concerning the riskiness of sub prime mortgages. The mathematical modelling teams continued to use traditional out-dated 30 year mortgages to asses the likelihood of default. Mortgages issued after 2004 were based on a different credit rating tool, know as FICO. A FICO score takes into account 5 factors to help determine a borrowers credit risk, length of credit history and the various types of credit used, the current level of personal debt, credit history, amount of new credit and passed payment history. These new mortgages were typically non documented adjustable rate mortgages and relied on the FICO score. It became apparent that the agencies had minimal concern towards the investors. The rating analysts within the agencies expressed their levels of apprehension towards the reliability of certain ratings, but they were cut short and dismissed. The credit rating agencies were simply concerned with maintaining or increasing their market influence by doing their job and providing the ratings that their clients employed them to generate. In many cases these ratings were later downgraded within 6 months implying that their original job was either done with a lack of due diligence or there was an ulterior motive behind providing a flawless AAA rating. This was highlighted in the residential mortgage backed security Delphinus case study where 26 dummy loans were issued that were clearly not of AAA standard, yet sailed through as AAA. This leads us to the issue of the Government and their irresponsible lack of regulation towards preventing a financial crisis. The neoliberalist argument suggests that the US Government was a big player in the demise of the financial sector. The Governments irresponsible regulation of banks allowed the passing of the Community Reinvestment Act from 1977, ‘the law was designed to encourage commercial banks and savings associations to help meet the needs of borrowers in all segments of their communities, including low and moderate income neighbourhoods’ (Wikipedia). The law actively encouraged low income earners to take out mortgages to buy a house, which in reality they could not afford. To really tempt fate congress later allowed the act to be amended, allowing potential borrowers to opt out of income screening, therefore meaning that no credit worthiness was required to take out a mortgage. It is this link to the CDO market which allowed for such disaster to unravel, had this act not been so irresponsibly been amended, the banks would not have been able to bundle toxic debt and sell it as a repackaged CDO. In fact George Bush Junior actively encouraged it in 2002 when he campaigned for an additional 5. 5million low income homeowners by 2010. By actively holding interest rates below the well-known monetary guide lines it encouraged mass risk taking, not only was money cheap but low interest rates also offered very little return in the banks so investors sought alternatives which lead them to junk CDO’s and CDO2’s. However these junk CDO’s were only half the problem, whilst they were being actively encouraged they were also being bet on and against, implying a magnitude of leveraged risk. In the 1990’s J. P. Morgan developed a strategy to hedge their loan risks know as credit default swaps (CDS’s). Essentially a CDS is a bilateral contract between two parties that provides a level of insurance. A buyer would pay a yearly premium in order to protect the face amount of the particular bond or loan, but the CDS’s unlike a traditional insurance policy were subject to counter party risk only. This implication meant that if the counterparty was unable to pay or had gone insolvent then essentially the buyer was no longer covered. What it also allowed for was speculators to gain exposure to markets where they didn’t actually own the underlying assets or credits, which they were now betting on. The crux of the problem arose when CDS’s were taken out on the subprime mortgage securities, which had been largely over rated by the ratings agencies, therefore providing false information upon which the investment decision and insurance policies were taken. When the defaults started to roll in the likes of AIG and Bear Stearns had billions of dollars wiped off their books. To exacerbate the problem almost all the major investment banks and investment houses had insurance underwritten by Bear Stearns, which of course was now insolvent. This domino effect lead to multi billion dollar losses across the globe. The general belief amongst economists was that financial derivatives and their purpose was to dilute individual risk through risk sharing amid investors. In theory it should create a more efficient allocation of capital and price transparency, it is the mass trading of these derivatives that became problematic and raised a cause for concern. However whilst it is true that CDS’s, CDO’s, a vast lack of regulation and inaccurate credit ratings all facilitated the collapse in the financial sector, it is not clear that they were the actual cause of the financial crisis. What is more evident of the actual cause is the fact that financial institutions and investors, as a whole did not foresee a collapse of housing prices. The collapse of house prices created mass negative equity and consequent defaults on subprime mortgages and also the falling face value of the subprime mortgage securitisations. Investment banks were particularly caught by surprise when the ‘super superior’ AAA rated tranches of CDO’s collapsed in value, given that they had relatively few defaults. Another factor which points to the root cause of the financial crises was the levels of excessive leverage combined with large holdings of subprime securitisations. The rapid and unexpected losses from these large investment houses lead to the markets questioning their solvency and so a mass culture of hoarding developed along with a fire sale of assets in order to deleverage their exposure. All this combined resulted in a squeeze of cash flow due to market uncertainty and lenders became unwilling to lend. This unfolding of events lead to the CDS and CDO market getting wrapped up and associated with large losses. It is for these reasons that the financial crisis developed and continues to develop implications for the future of the financial industry. References Nocera, Joe. 2011. â€Å"Inquiry is Missing Bottom Line. † New York Times, page B1. January 29 Journal of Economic Perspectives—Volume 24, Number 1—Winter 2010—Pages 73–92 Credit Default Swaps and the Credit Crisis Rene M. Stulz Cordell, Larry, Yilin Huang, and Meredith Williams. 2011. â€Å"Collateral Damage: Siz- ing and Assessing the Subprime CDO Crisis. † Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Working Paper Money morning Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission. 2010. â€Å"Credit Ratings And the Financial Crisis. † Pre- liminary Staff Report, June 2, 2010 The Credit Rating Agencies and TheirContribution to the Financial Crisis MAUR ICE MULLARD http://www. investopedia. com/terms/c/cdo. asp#ixzz2BqfZ28TI Brunnermeier, Markus K. 2008. â€Å"Bubbles. † In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Eco- nomics, eds. Steven N. Durlauf and Lawrence E. Blume, second edition Foote, Christopher L. , Kristopher Gerardi, and Paul S. Willen. 2008. â€Å"Negative Equity and Foreclosure: Theory and Evidence. † How to cite What Was the Main Cause of the Financial Crisis in 2007-2009?, Papers